Native Land Claim in Canada

Native Land Claim in Canada Introduction Land is an essential part of life among all indigenous people (Simons et al., 77). It encompasses the entire use of territory including forests, rivers, mountains, water bodies among other natural resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native Land Claim in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The unique relationship that exists between the indigenous people and the land often makes their rights to land vital for their survival, cultural values and identity (Simons et al., 77). Consequently, colonization of indigenous territories affected the aboriginal people with most of the colonizers gaining ownership of their land which rendered them landless forcing them to lead nomadic lifestyles. The late 1960s marked the beginning of the modern era of law and policy pertaining to aboriginal rights and titles in Canada. In 1969, the white paper addressing Indian Policy was published (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). This paper proposed the repeal of Indian act and the demolishing of department of Indian affairs. The white paper further outlined that any unique rights possessed by aboriginal people had been submerged in the flow of history hence making such rights irrelevant. The white paper propositions were out rightly rejected by the native Indians, Inuit and Metis and this led to the suspension of the white paper implementation two years later. Following the resistance of the natives to the new regulations, the government of Canada embarked on vigorous reconsideration of the legal, political, and cultural aspects that governed the lives of Indians, Inuit and Metis. This significantly contributed to the definition and protection of the rights of aboriginal people in Canada. The country took various positive steps towards achievement of greater native control of policies and resources. Currently, land claims are adequately dealt with where the rights of the aboriginals are upheld (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). The process for land claims in Canada is relatively slow with hundreds of claims still pending. Negotiations often incorporate provincial and territorial governments and other third parties who aim at resolving the conflict arising between the two social groups. Negotiation process is formally based on legal concepts with issues of contention ranging from land titles to aboriginal rights.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The process aims at promoting social and economic equality in the modern Canada in addition to solving the social conflict of resources. The settlement often takes the form of cash compensation, return of ancestral lands or rights to self governments (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). Historical basis of land claim in Canada Under the Royal Proclamation of 1763, an unspecified track of land currently referred to as Canada was allocated for use to the aboriginal people- Indians, Inuit and Metis. The proclamation forbade unauthorized purchase and possession of the same land by non native settlers and foreigners (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). However, immigration by other people into the region led to establishment of treaties with some of the Indigenous people which legitimized settlement and ownership of the land by immigrants and colonizers. The countries gradual occupation by foreigners has continued for over four centuries making the indigenous occupants of the land to be the minority groups in the country. This has led to marginalization of the aboriginal people which has posed a threat to their culture as well as their existence. Possession of land by foreigners was facilitated by native people voluntarily giving up their rights of possession to immigrants, native’s loss of control of the reserve lands, and lack of request for allocation of the reserves by the natives (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). The native people, most of who lead nomadic lifestyles have found themselves isolated to reserve regions with minimum access to resources that the foreigners enjoy. This has negatively impacted on the natives’ perception of themselves with the experience of being overrun by industrial growth, cities, and agriculture being substantially overwhelming. This has particularly impacted on those Mà ©tis, Indians, and Inuit who never signed the accords. Displaced and marginalized natives have increased their resistance against these forces which has led to the need for reforms in the country’s resource allocation strategies and the need to resolve the land claims. In response to the resulting marginalization, the native people sought to maintain their identity through aboriginal rights and native claims movements. These movements became prominent in the 60s due to various reasons. The movements were highly influenced by increasing world wide concerns regarding the rights of minority groups acr oss the world as well as environmental concerns (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). Concerns also arose among the native people regarding the imposed education system which threatened to erode the native language and culture and served to alienate young native people. The system further influenced the perception of the natives on white man’s political and legal regime by justifying it. These concerns led to the native resistance movements in Canada.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native Land Claim in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Proposed solutions As early as 1876, the Canadian federal government established the Indian Act which created the department for of native affairs whose main aim was to ensure that the obligations signed in the treaty were adhered to (Planeswalker 1). The formulation of the White paper in 1968 which was aimed at getting rid of the Indian Act and other land treaties was thus met wi th a lot of criticisms with the aboriginal people responding in 1970 through the Red Paper (Planeswalker 1). This conflict led to increased need for the government to respond to the needs of aboriginal people. Due to constant opposition by the aboriginal people to any government strategies aimed at promoting the rights and freedom of the settlers, a provision was created which entrenched treaty rights to in the Canadian Charter of Rights and freedoms (Planeswalker 1). Consequently, numerous land claims continue to be filed particularly in British Columbia as well as the North West Territories. Most recently, the country has taken positive steps towards greater native control of policies and resources evidenced by the establishment of Statement of Claims of Indian and Inuit people in 1973 and the office of the Native claims in 1974 where tribal claims are dealt with (Waldman 259). In the early 1970s, the Canadian federal government sought to elevate the social status of native Canadi ans through formulation of a new policy that aimed at settling the native land claims and promoting their livelihood (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). This policy outlined the Canadian government’s commitment to the fulfilment of the terms of the treaties and to negotiate settlements with native groups. Implementation of the policy required a lot of cooperation between federal, provincial and territorial governments and the native leaders. In 1974, Canadian government established the office of Native Claims which under the leadership of deputy minister, lawyers and researchers dealt with both comprehensive and specific land claims brought forward by the natives (Waldman 259). Specific claims dealt with troubles and complications arising from the running of the Indian accord, Indian finances among others. The authorities sought to reach a settlement through active negotiation, administrative remedy, or court action which often led to land compensation.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, comprehensive claims aimed at resolving the conflict emanating from the traditional use and occupancy of land by the three aboriginal groups’ members who failed to sign the treaties but had continued to occupy the land for years. These claims were compensated in monetary terms, return of land, provision of specific rights and some form of local government. These solutions promoted wealth redistribution and promotion of equality among the two social groups. Nature of conflict The conflict arising from native land claim is a representation of social conflict emanating from unequal distribution of resources. Land acquisition by foreigners provides an opportunity for foreigners to enrich themselves while denying the native people a chance to utilize land resources for the advancement of their own socio economic goals. This serves to heighten the social gap between the native and foreigners which often results in a feeling of oppression among the native people. As proposed by Karl Marx, the most dominant conflict in society results from unequal distribution of material resources with those in power using these resources to exploit the poor. The decentralized nature of the Canadian government further serves to complicate the conflict resolution process due to the presence of complex bureaucratic procedures in settlement processes. The negotiation process has been continuing for a period of over two decades with the system having to adjust to national and international changes in communications, economy, value systems and politics. The economically unstable and politically volatile environment serves to further intensify the tension between the natives and foreigners. The dynamic nature of society has considerably slowed down the land claim process and numerous unresolved land claims remain pending. Application of post colonial concepts Colonialism brought with it the marginalization of ethnic people which led to resistance against this domi nation through many forms of active and passive resistance (Young 4). Resistance movements led to the winning of independence from colonial rule and balance of power in most regions. Independence further led to shifts towards formal empires which in turn required additional labour which was fulfilled through immigration. Immigration led to a blurred division between West and the rest of the ethnic groups but the power within these regions remained fully oriented towards self governance. The experience of land dispossession and landlessness was facilitated by the settler colonialism and it is historically the most difficult form conflict to resolve in most regions (Young 49). The struggle for native title has been a major concern especially for native settlers in Canada which has resulted in vigorous movements and campaigns for basic land rights embodied in the original declaration. The fight for land repossession is therefore a post colonial struggle which deals with the aftermath o f one of the most controversial yet a key feature of colonial power. Varying techniques been used in attempt to resolve the ongoing conflict in the post colonial period some of which are outlined below. Post colonialism entails the notion that nationalities of the three non western continents are often in a situation for subordination to Europe and North America hence promoting economic inequality (Young 4). It consists of the reactions, extensive analysis and the cultural context of colonialism and incorporates theories borrowed from philosophy, political science, sociology, and religion among other areas of studies. The native people in Canada lost ownership of land due to their nomadic lifestyles which led to the declaration of that land as ‘empty’ by the Europeans. Scholars have argued that the idea of nomadism can be extended to include all forms of cultural and political activity that transgress the boundaries of contemporary social codes (Young 53). This can be e xplained by the fact that nomads move across territories consequently operating as lateral resistance across borders in an attempt to defy the hegemonic control. Hence, the indigenous settlers of Canada may use nomadism strategy to secure the native lands. Some scholars have suggested that the process of land confiscation and appropriation from those who formally owned it can only be achieved through the concepts of territorialization, deterritorialization or reterritorialization (Young 52). Deterritorialization may take the form of three distinct typologies which include negative deterritorialization; the element of deterritorialization is subjected to some form of retteritorialization which in turn obstructs the line of flight (Swearingen 161) In the second type, deterritorialization is positive but fails to connect with other lines of flight while the third type, deterritorialization is presented in its absolute form enhances its ability to connect with the lines of flight leadin g to creation of new territories (Swearingen 161). Reterritorialization refers to the violent approach of colonial and imperial propagation of economic, cultural, and social transformation. It refers to the varying forms of reconnection of a deterritorialized element in line with other assemblage. Resistance to deterritorialization through land claim movements would enhance the native land claim process (Young 52). In addition, the government may natives may engage in combinative negotiation with the state which involves repurchase of land which was appropriated to the white settlers during their settlement in respective colonies in the 19th century and which are currently being abandoned as virtually worthless due to reduced productivity. The land can then be apportioned back to the native settlers in a bid to settle the land claims. Conclusion The history of Canada has been characterized by numerous attempts by the native settlers to reclaim their land. According to the land claim s, the land which was originally possessed by the aboriginal people under the Royal proclamation was acquired by immigrants and colonialist consequently marginalizing and rendering the natives landless. The government have sought to settle these claims through treaties most of which have proven unsuccessful in the past, monetary compensation, return of land, provision of certain rights among other strategies. However, most of the native land claims remain unresolved with the negotiation process often resulting in futile outcomes. Failure to resolve the ongoing conflict has resulted to increased attention not only from national and international bodies, but also from scholars and researchers who suggest that the land claims can be resolved through application of post colonial concepts such as reterritorialization and deterritorialization, nomadism, and combinative negotiation. Deterritorialization refers to a process that alters a set of relations consequently resulting in higher lev els of actualization. In cultural context, the concept has been used to refer to removal of people from certain locations due to continuous weakening of their culture and status. Since deterritorialization is often followed by reterritorialization, it can be used to resolve the persistent land claims in Canada. Canadian encyclopaedia. â€Å"Land claims.† Historica Dominion, 2011. Web. Planeswalker, Mishra. The evolution of aboriginal land claims and treaties in Canada, Helium Inc, 2010. Web. Simons, Robert. Malmgren, Rachael Small Garrick. Indigenous peoples and real estate valuation, NY: Springer, 2008. Swearingen, James. Extreme beauty: aesthetics, politics, and death, NY: Continuum International Publishing group, 2002. Waldman, Carl. Atlas of North American Indian. New York: InfoBase Publishing, 2007. Young, Robert. Post colonialism: a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Features Of Australian Federal Budget 2011 Essay

Features Of Australian Federal Budget 2011 - Essay Example ies said that the inflationary pressure would further increase according to the profile of the budget and an anticipated fall in the unemployment rate. The HSBC chief economist Paul Bloxham believes that the budget may have an adverse influence on the risk elements around the inflation outlook. He argues that the government’s increased spending on skills training and encouragement on skilled immigration may not help ease inflation. The impact of Federal Budget on unemployment The terms of the Australian Federal Budget 2011 indicates that the budget can significantly reduce the unemployment rate. The budget forecasts that the country’s real GDP growth would increase by 4 percent in 2011-12 whereas the exports in 2011-12 would rise by 6.5 percent; in addition, the budget expects that unemployment rate would fall from 5 to 4.5 per cent during the next two years (‘Australian high commission media release- 12’, 2011). Presently, some of the households have not a breadwinner. Although, the Australian economy is badly in need of employees, unwilling and unskilled workers become a great threat to the country. However, the economy has created over 3000,000 jobs over the past year and hence it is estimated that the unemployment rate can be further reduced in 2013 by creating more job opportunities. The budget has set aside over $3 billion over six years as part of its â€Å"Building Australia’s Future Workforce† policy. This policy focuses on â€Å"developing stronger relations between industry and training organizations, modernizing apprenticeship programs, and reforming the national training system† (‘Employment & income support’, 2011,). The budget has provisioned for a $674 billion for productive strategies including employment outcomes. In addition, there is a... The budget forecasts that the country’s real GDP growth would increase by 4 percent in 2011-12 whereas the exports in 2011-12 would rise by 6.5 percent; in addition, the budget expects that unemployment rate would fall from 5 to 4.5 percent during the next two years. Presently, some of the households have not a breadwinner. Although, the Australian economy is badly in need of employees, unwilling and unskilled workers become a great threat to the country. However, the economy has created over 3000,000 jobs over the past year and hence it is estimated that the unemployment rate can be further reduced in 2013 by creating more job opportunities. The budget has set aside over $3 billion over six years as part of its â€Å"Building Australia’s Future Workforce† policy. This policy focuses on â€Å"developing stronger relations between industry and training organizations, modernizing apprenticeship programs, and reforming the national training system†. The budge t has provisioned for a $674 billion for productive strategies including employment outcomes. In addition, there is a $526.6 million provision in the Federal Budget for some other purposes which include the creation of employment opportunities for Indigenous Australians. Additionally, the government has designed a $8.5 million package over the next four years; one of the main objectives of this package is to improve the operational effectiveness of Job Services Australia and Disability Employment Services.

Physiology and Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Physiology and Function - Essay Example In this regard, the atria facilitate the circulation by fundamentally allowing continuous venous flow to the heart during pulsation (Anderson, 1993). The Endocardium is the innermost layer of tissues that line the heart’s atrial and ventricular chambers. Since it underlies the muscular tissues that control the contraction of the heart, the endocardium provides feedback control to the heart through its interaction with the coalescing blood (Brutsaert, 1989). The pulmonary artery, which is located directly beneath the aorta, carries blood to the lungs from the right ventricle. It is important to point out that, this is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood. In this regard, the artery carries the blood to the lungs for oxygenation in order to support the cardiovascular system (Halpern, 2011). The heart is divided into four chambers with the two lower chambers being the right and left ventricles. On one hand, the right ventricle is responsible for receiving blood and pumping it into the pulmonary artery where blood that is poor in oxygen is oxygenated and returns to the heart via pulmonary veins. Conversely, the left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta after obtaining it from the left atrium, which distributes blood to the rest of the body (Anderson,

Plea Barganing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plea Barganing - Essay Example A plea bargain permits both parties to keep away from a long criminal trial and may permit criminal defendants to stay protected from the risk of conviction at trial on a more grave charge. For instance, suppose there is a defendant of a criminal case charged with a crime robbery, the conviction of which would need imprisonment in state jail, he or she may be offered the chance to plead the guilty party to a misdemeanor robbery charge, which may not carry jail time. Plea bargaining is â€Å"the process whereby a criminal defendant and prosecutor reach a mutually satisfactory disposition of a criminal case, subject to court approval† (Plea Bargaining 2012 para. 1). It can conclude a particular criminal case without a proceeding or a trial. It becomes successful when plea bargaining of the case results in a plea agreement between the defendant and prosecutor. In this agreement, â€Å"the defendant agrees to plead guilty without a trial, and, in return, the prosecutor agrees to dismiss certain charges or make favorable sentence recommendations to the court. Plea bargaining is expressly authorized in statutes and in court rules† (Plea Bargaining 2012 para. 2). This is generally a known type of plea. It engages a negotiation of the particular charges (counts) or offenses that the defendant of the case will face at the proceeding or trial. Generally, in return for an appeal of "guilty" to a smaller charge, the prosecutor of the case will dismiss the superior or other charge(s) or counts. Example, instead of discharging charges for a first-degree murder, a prosecutor may admit a "guilty" appeal for manslaughter. Charge bargaining plays an empirically significant role in determining outcomes of the sentencing. In this type of bargaining, the defendant of the case pleads guilty in exchange for reducing the charges. Depending on the seriousness of the initial charge of the case, the only one who stands to achieve from charge bargaining is the accused or the

Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy Essay Example for Free

Louis Vuitton Moà «t Hennessy Essay Louis Vuitton Moà «t Hennessy (LVMH) is a French multinational luxury goods conglomerate. Its headquarters are located in France, Paris. LVMH was formed after the merger of Louis Vuitton (fashion producer) and Moet Hennessy (cognac manufacturer) in 1987. The company controls around 60 subsidiaries which are often managed independently and each one of them manage a small number of prestigious brands. The main holding company of LVMH is Christian Dior a luxury goods group. LVMH is the largest luxury goods producer in the world. Comparing LVMH with Hermes, LVMH has a huge corporate power, which Hermes doesn’t have and a vast variety of many familiar luxury brands. Some of the most well known brands of LVMH: * Acqua di Parma * Christian Dior S.A. * DKNY * Fendi * Hennessy * Louis Vuitton * Moà «t Chandon * Parfums Christian Dior The current share price of LVMH is about 140 Euros. The following chart represents the revenue of LVMH in million Euros for the first 9 months from 2011 till 2012 in each group. The mission of LVMH group is to represent the most refined qualities of Western Art de Vivre around the world. LVMH aims in continuing to be synonymous with both elegance and creativity. Their products, and the cultural values they embody, blend tradition and innovation, and kindle dream and fantasy. In view of their mission, five priorities reflect the fundamental values shared by all of LVMH Group stakeholders: Be creative and innovate Aim for product excellence Bolster the image of their brands with passionate determination Act as entrepreneurs Strive to be the best in all they do One of the main values of LVMH that clearly relates to the core business of the company and the opportunities pursued in business development is acting as entrepreneurs. As previously mentioned, LVMH has about 60 subsidiaries which all manage some brands and most likely LVMH is aiming to obtain more partners and subsidiaries for luxury product manufacturing in the future. Other value that clearly reflects to their actions and business strategy is to strive to be the best in all they do. In this case it is more than obvious that this value is essential for them based on the fact that LVMH is the leading luxury goods manufacturing company in the world. Innovation is also a value that pursues in their business development, because by obtaining new subsidiaries and partners they create new products in the luxury goods market. [ 1 ]. Online encyclopedia – Wikipedia. Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVMH, Article LVMH [ 2 ]. Online encyclopedia – Wikipedia. Link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_goods, Article – Luxury brands. [ 3 ]. Official website of LVMH. Link http://www.lvmh.com/the-group/lvmh-companies-and-brands [ 4 ]. http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/q?s=MC.PA [ 5 ]. Official website of LVMH. Link http://www.lvmh.com/investor-relations/documentation/revenue [ 6 ]. Official website of LVMH, Link http://www.lvmh.com/the-group/lvmh-group/group-mission-and-values [ 7 ]. Official website of LVMH, Link http://www.lvmh.com/the-group/lvmh-group/group-mission-and-values

Overpopulation is Not Really a Problem Essay -- Critical Thinking Essay

  Ã‚   Throughout history there have been claims that the world was growing too fast. In the 18th century, it was the Rev. Thomas Malthus with his book Essay on the Principle of Population. Rev. Malthus said that the growing European population would quickly outstrip its available resources. History tells us that Rev. Malthus' speculation was wrong. Following a path similar to that of Malthus, Paul Ehrlich presented us a book entitled The Population Bomb, in 1969. Ehrlich's book predicted that tens of millions of people would starve to death in the 1970s following an inescapable crash in the world's food supply. It also forecasted the elimination of all natural resources and said that the world was in danger of returning to a pre-industrial Dark Age. Again, the prophecy went unfulfilled. Continuing Concern Today, as we near the 21st century, overpopulation, as some may call it, still seems to be a concern. There have been reports that, if the current rate of population growth were maintained, the world will be home to some 694 trillion people by the year 2150, almost 125 times that of today's population (Bender, p. 65). On October 12th, 1999, the world was presented with the associated press headline that the world population counter at the UN topped 6 billion. It is evident that our society is still concerned about the increasing population. The intent of this paper is to prove that there is not, and will never be, according to long-term trends, a situation in which it is impossible to provide everyone on earth a living standard at the subsistence level.    Why didn't the old predictions come true? In 1969 Paul Ehrlich predicted that the world would outgrow its food supply. Ehrlich based his argument on Rev.... ...nology. If the historical long-term trends continue as they have, we will never be stripped of our ability to provide for everyone.    Appendix A Arithmetic vs. Geometric Rate of Increase:   An arithmetic progression increases by consistent numerical values. Example: 1+2+3+4+5+6   A geometric progression increases by a constant percent: Example: 1+2+4+8+16+32 In this case, the number doubles each time (100% increase). Appendix B    The Law of Conservation of Matter states that material is neither created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical reaction.    Works Cited Bender, David, Bruno Leone, Charles F. Hohm, Lori Justine Jones, Population: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1995 Lederer, Edith M., Associated Press Article, October 12, 1999 Carnell, Brian, http://www.overpopulation.com   

The Starbucks Company

In the community that this generation lives in today, there are numerous essentials that are now considered as a necessity. Coffee is somehow considered as an essential to the society. It is used by the people to either keep them awake or just to give them energy to hopefully last the whole day. One of the acknowledged coffee companies in the world is Starbucks. This coffee company started in the year of 1971 in Seattle, Washington. Various drinks were produced by Starbucks for the benefit of their customers. With this marketing maneuver, Starbucks was able to gain the trust and loyalty of its customers. In the year 2000, Starbucks had branched out of United States and expanded into Australia. According to Brook (2016), Starbucks had opened for about 84 stores in the country. However, with the coffee company trying to enter the market in Australia, Australians were hesitant with the new company present in their market. Apparently, Starbucks had apparently â€Å"more than 70 percent of its underperforming locations, leaving only 23 Starbucks stores throughout the entire continent† (Turner, 2018). Moreover, Starbucks had accumulated a lost of $143 million that obliged Starbucks to close and pull out most of its stores in Australia (Hurst, 2014). Another problem that Starbucks had encountered was the loyalty of the Australians because they are accustomed to the bitter-tasting coffee that their local coffee stores offer (Turner 2018). Since Starbucks sells and offered their customers a sweeter kind of coffee that is foreign to their taste, Starbucks was not able to gain popularity as compared to the popularity they have in other countries. The starbucks company could use two (2) strategic analysis tool known as the S.W.O.T and the P.E.S.T analysis. With the aid of these strategic tools, the company may be aware of the risks and opportunities that they may encounter under certain circumstances. The SWOT analysis is a strategic tool used for identifying the company's strengths and weaknesses alongside with the opportunities and threats that may accompany it. With the usage of the S.W.O.T analysis, the company would be able to identify their strengths and weaknesses, as well as the possible opportunities and threats that the company might face. It could be noted that Starbucks had somehow disregarded the research and survey procedure for introducing new products to a new community. Instead, the company of Starbucks assumed that the goods and services they offer caters to everyone in the world– which, in this case, Australia was not delighted about. If the company of Starbucks had just researched more and surveyed more people concerning the sweet tasting coffees they serve, they would be able to identify that Australians prefer their coffees either brewed or bitter. Since Australia is one of the countries to have a different preference in coffee– along with some parts of Europe, as compared to the rest of the world, Starbucks could have seen the risk of losing customers when entering the market of Australia as Australians were not as accustomed to Starbucks back in 2000. Meanwhile, their decision to pull out 61 branches out of their 84 built establishments and leaving only about 23 establishments was a good call to somehow cut the overhead cost that they would have to pay such as rent, labor, and assets that in the end did not prosper. The company was somehow able to also salvage their name even though there are articles about their ‘failed endeavor'. This could be seen as a learning opportunity to Starbucks as they would try to re-enter the market in Australia, and hopefully, by this time, as they have left some establishments in the Australian community, Starbucks would not have that much of a hard time as they would have known the strategies and preferences that Australians want. Moreover, since Australia is one of the tourist destinations of the world, people from all around the world would sometimes visit Australia and with Starbucks known internationally, this company would be the preferred coffee branch of these tourists. Aside from S.W.O.T, another tool used for strategic planning is the P.E.S.T analysis. PEST stands for Political, Economical, Social, and Technological factors that are being considered when planning for a business endeavor. The P.E.S.T analysis is being used by businesses to identify the risks and opportunities of a business at a macro level as it not only determine the advantages and disadvantages of the business, but also the external aspects of the business. It could be noted that Starbucks had a good relationship with its external factors like their suppliers, and some of the customers in their community because of the service they offer. However, when Starbucks had expanded their company in the year 2000, they also had to pull out most of their establishments in the year 2008, as the company noticed that they are no longer earning profit from the said branch. Moreover, there was a high turnover rate during this time as 700 hundred employees were left jobless after the pulling out of the branches. (Prepare for Australia, n.d) In terms of the social factors that Starbucks might have considered is the preference of Australians with their coffees. As majority of the Australian population are somehow meticulous with the way they want their coffees prepared and served, Starbucks somehow was not able to impress their customers. According to a statement of staff in Sydney's Mecca Espresso named Tuli Keidar (2014, as cited in Hurst, 2014), â€Å"†¦ Australia already had a well established cafe culture based on espresso when Starbucks arrived. It had to compete with cafes that provided a similar product of equal or better quality.† This means that Australians are very much accustomed to the local coffee stores in the country that they are able to identify which serves the best beverages in their town. However, aside from the country's expertise in coffees and teas, they also take into account the ambience and atmosphere of the establishments. In line with the two strategic planning tool that was used to assess the possible risks and opportunities of the Starbucks brand in Australia, it could be noted that in terms of internal assessment, it is best to use the SWOT analysis as it is mostly focused on the internal cases of situations that could be avoided or taken into account. The business could use this planning tool for its convenience and it still gets the work done. On the other hand, when a company would want to focus on the external factors as they would want to research on the country or community they are planning to cater to, it is best to use the PEST analysis as it is mostly focused on external cases with a hint of internal cases. With the data gathered and analyzed with the aid of two commonly used planning tools in a business, it could be noted that one of the mistakes that Starbucks had done was that it barged in a competition without introducing itself to its customers and community. However, with the advancement of technology and the variations of the preferences of people, Starbucks may have a chance to gradually expand in Australia if they still wish to do so. If ever the plan for expansion would commence, the popularity of Starbucks would increase, alongside the increase in profit as people who travel or migrate to Australia might have been accustomed to Starbucks and somehow want a piece of home to remind them of their roots.